The late educator Zig Engelmann (1931–2019) had a motto that he promoted tirelessly: “If the learner hasn’t learned, the teacher hasn’t taught.” According to Engelmann, this “operating principle” offended many because it placed all the responsibility for education on teachers. Of course, the statement is simplistic—it’s a motto, not a fully-fledged philosophy or plan. But in the end, most teachers and school administrators will probably agree: Teachers have a responsibility to engage students and to tailor their instruction so that students can be successful.

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